How it works: The complete chain of action of BPC-157 remains unclear. Preclinical models show changes in FAK and paxillin signals involved in cell attachment and movement.

Effects under investigation: Research examines cell migration, survival under stress and tendon and tissue repair processes. Cell and animal findings do not establish a healing effect in humans.

How it works: No unified receptor pathway has been established for DSIP. Research explores possible links to the regulation of sleep and neuroendocrine processes.

Effects under investigation: Studies examine sleep stages, EEG activity and stress-related responses. Results are partly contradictory; the peptide’s name does not establish a reliable sleep-promoting effect.

How it works: Epithalon is studied in connection with telomerase. This enzyme helps maintain telomeres, the protective regions at chromosome ends. Cell studies describe changes in hTERT expression and telomerase activity.

Effects under investigation: Research examines telomere length and cellular ageing in specific cell cultures. These laboratory findings establish neither rejuvenation nor a longer human lifespan.

How it works: GHK-Cu consists of a short peptide and a bound copper ion. Studies in fibroblasts, or connective-tissue cells, investigate how this complex affects the formation of components around cells.

Effects under investigation: Research focuses on collagen synthesis and tissue remodelling. The linked original study reports cell-culture findings; it does not establish a cosmetic or medical effect of the research product.

How it works: GLOW combines GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500. Copper-dependent matrix formation, cell adhesion and thymosin-β4-related processes are studied for the individual components. This does not establish a shared mechanism of the blend.

Effects under investigation: Research on individual components examines collagen synthesis, cell migration and tissue repair in experimental models. These results establish neither an enhanced effect nor clinical activity of the offered blend.

How it works: Ipamorelin targets the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor system and can stimulate growth hormone release. It uses a different receptor from GHRH analogues such as tesamorelin.

Effects under investigation: Research examines growth hormone responses and selectivity relative to other hormonal reactions. Early characterisation uses experimental models; it does not establish an effect on muscle growth or recovery.

How it works: KLOW combines GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV. The individual components represent different research approaches, including matrix formation, cell adhesion, thymosin-β4-related processes and KPV uptake through a peptide transporter.

Effects under investigation: Research on individual components examines collagen synthesis, cell migration and inflammation-related cellular responses. This does not establish synergy or clinical activity of the specific blend.

How it works: The peptide transporter PepT1 can take KPV into certain cells. Influences on inflammation-related signalling have been investigated there.

Effects under investigation: Cell and mouse studies examine inflammatory messenger release and changes in experimental intestinal inflammation models. These results do not confirm a treatment option in humans.

How it works: Melanotan II resembles the body’s signalling peptide α-MSH and activates melanocortin receptors. Different responses can arise depending on the receptor and tissue.

Effects under investigation: Research examines skin pigmentation and appetite-related responses. Pigmentation findings include a small clinical pilot study; the linked appetite study examines mice. This establishes neither reliable UV protection nor a general clinical benefit.

How it works: MOTS-C is a mitochondrially derived signalling peptide. Cell and animal studies link it to the energy sensor AMPK; effects on gene regulation in the nucleus have also been studied under metabolic stress.

Effects under investigation: Research focuses on glucose utilisation, insulin sensitivity and adaptations to metabolic stress. The described preclinical findings do not establish improved performance or metabolic health in humans.

How it works: PT-141, also called bremelanotide, activates melanocortin receptors. Structural studies show binding to the MC4 receptor and subsequent signal transmission into the cell.

Effects under investigation: Research examines neuronal responses and changes in sexual desire in clinical studies of a defined medicine. The exact mechanism of this clinical effect is not fully understood; medicine data do not establish suitability of the offered research material.

How it works: Retatrutide activates GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. These receptors transmit signals into cells and influence processes including metabolism.

Effects under investigation: Studies examine blood glucose regulation, body weight and energy expenditure. There are cell, animal and clinical studies using defined study preparations; these do not establish equivalence of the offered research material.

How it works: A change in GABA receptor responses is discussed for Selank. GABA is an inhibitory messenger in the nervous system. Experimental findings suggest Selank might influence how certain receptors respond to this signal.

Effects under investigation: Research examines GABA binding and anxiety- or stress-related responses. The mechanism is not conclusively understood; experimental indications do not establish an anxiety-reducing effect in humans.

How it works: Semax is an ACTH-derived peptide. Rat studies observed changes in BDNF production, a signalling protein involved in nerve-cell function and adaptability. This does not establish a complete direct receptor mechanism.

Effects under investigation: Research examines neurotrophic pathways and changes in BDNF expression in brain regions. These animal findings do not establish improved memory or concentration in humans.

How it works: Sermorelin corresponds to an active segment of the body’s GHRH. It activates GHRH receptors in the pituitary gland and can stimulate growth hormone release.

Effects under investigation: Research examines growth hormone responses and peptide segments essential for receptor activation. This does not generally establish effects on body composition or performance.

How it works: The exact peptide sequence is decisive for TB-500. Full-length thymosin-β4 binds actin, a component of the cytoskeleton. A fragment described as TB-500 is not automatically biologically equivalent.

Effects under investigation: Thymosin-β4 research focuses on actin organisation, cell movement and tissue repair. These findings must not be indiscriminately transferred to TB-500 fragments. The specific material’s mechanism remains open without appropriate identity and function data.

How it works: Tesamorelin reproduces the body’s GHRH signal. It activates GHRH receptors in the pituitary, stimulates growth hormone release and can thereby affect the downstream growth factor IGF-1.

Effects under investigation: Defined medicines are used to investigate growth hormone and IGF-1 responses and changes in visceral abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. This does not establish a general weight-loss effect or medical suitability of the research material.

How it works: Thymosin-Alpha 1 is studied as a regulator of immune cell responses. Experimental models describe Toll-like receptor-dependent signals and changes in dendritic cells, which provide information to other immune cells.

Effects under investigation: Research examines maturation of these cells, production of messengers such as interleukin-12 and coordination of certain immune responses. This does not mean a general ‘immune boost’; responses depend on the model and cell state.

How it works: Tirzepatide activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors. These pathways participate in processes including glucose-dependent insulin responses and regulation of food intake.

Effects under investigation: Research examines blood glucose regulation, body weight and molecular binding to both receptors. Results from defined medicines or study preparations do not establish equivalence or medical suitability of a research product.